Email - New Travel Policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email - New Travel Policy - Assignment Example Moreover, it has been noted that, travel expenses outweigh the estimated per diem allowance by far. To implement the new policy, the company ill issues travel expense credit cards to each department. To avoid unofficial use of the card, the cards will be managed by department heads and will only be issued for an on-duty travel. The cards will be loaded with monthly intervals unless on special request by the department. Given that most travel agencies have incorporated e-payments the cards are expected to be very effective. Secondly, each transaction via the card automatically reflects both in the general accounting department as well as the respective departments finance office. Due to the urgency and seriousness of the problem, the new policy ought to kick off from next month. Therefore, each department is expected collect a loaded credit card from the accounting department by the end of this month. Remarkably, as from 1st November, the accounting department won’t accept any travel expenses for travel

Pay for Performance Best Practices Essay Example for Free

Pay for Performance Best Practices Essay Best practice can be defined as an idea that suggests that there is some sort of technique, method, process, incentive or reward which is considered to be more useful at producing the desired outcome or result for the company than any other technique, method or a reward etc. The performance best practice is mostly done through checklists or rating scales etc. so that the desired outcome can be achieved with fewer problems and complications. (Tech Target, 2008) Compensation When talking about compensation best practice what comes to mind is incentives and gain sharing of the employees. Compensation can be defined as what the employees of the company receive in exchange for their contribution to the company. When they are managed correctly, it helps the company to achieve its targeted goals and objectives and the company is able to obtain, maintain and retain a productive workforce. Without the right kind of compensation, the current employees of the company are very likely to leave and the company will have a difficult time in replacing and the training the employees for that job. The outcomes due to pay dissatisfaction can be very harmful to productivity and can disrupt the quality of work life. If worse comes to worst, pay dissatisfaction can reduce the performance of the employees, which in return may lead to strikes which will cause grievances and that will lead to physical or psychological withdrawal ranging from absenteeism and turnover and it would also increase poor mental health of the employees. (DRMR, n. d) But it must be remembered that overpayment can also cause harm to a company and its employees. The affects of overpayment will decrease the company’s competitiveness and it will lead to anxiety, guilt and discomfort among many employees. The human resource department can contribute to the organization’s strategic objectives through the company’s compensation program. When it us seen that wages and salaries are linked with ‘pay for knowledge’ and ‘pay for skill’ the employees will have an incentive to pursue vocational training. Vocational training can be defined as training for a specific part of a work activity. For example, Dunkin’ Donuts mostly benefits from having better trained workers, who are more productive. The result of linking compensation to continuous learning is a perpetual learning machine that furthers an organization’s strategy. Compensation is not only a way to align performance with strategy. Human resource planning, recruiting, selecting, placement, development, performance appraisals and career planning are also considered in individual efforts and company strategy. But unlike the recruiting and developing activities, compensation programs can be quickly modified and linked with new strategies of the company. (Werther Davis, 1996) Strategic Objectives Strategy can be defined as a set of decisions and actions that are used to formulate and implement strategies that will provide a competitively superior fit between the organization and its environment so as to achieve the stated goals and objectives of the company. Strategy basically shows that where is the organization standing in the market? Or where does the organization wants to be in the next 5 years? It is with the help of strategy that the executives of the company define an overall direction for the company. The strategy if the company is based on growth, entrenchment and stability. The strategic analysis begins when the executives of the company evaluate the current position of the company with respect to the mission, goals and strategies. The executives scan the company’s internal and external environment and identify the strategic factors that require change. The internal and the external environment may show a need to redefine the mission or goals or to formulate a new strategy for the company at either corporate, business or functional level of the organization. (Fullmer, 1983) Dunkin’ Donuts specializes in the provision of doughnuts and beverages. Dunkin’ Donuts client and customers are mostly based of average income households. The company has established itself as one of the most formidable forces in the restaurant business. However, this does not undermine the fact that the company still has a lot to learn from other competitors in the industry. Job Analysis and Evaluation It is a known fact that job analysis collects information about jobs through surveys, observations and discussions among the workers and supervisors, to produce job and positions descriptions. With job analysis information as a part of the department’s HR information system, compensation analysts have the minimum information needed to evaluate the work activities of their employees. Job evaluations are steps and procedures that help to identify the relative worth of jobs or work activities. There are different kinds of approaches to the evaluation of a job; these approaches consider the responsibility of the employee, skills that are needed for the job, efforts done by the employee and the working conditions related to the job. Without job evaluation the HR department would not be able to create a rational approach to pay. The most common methods for job evaluation that helps with a compensation plan are job ranking, job grading system, factor compensation and the point system. The Point System The methods that I would be suggesting for Dunkin’ Donuts would be the point system. Why? Because this system evaluates the compensation factors for each job instead of using wages as the factor comparison does, this method uses points and it is more easy to use and it’s not filled with complication plus this method is most commonly used by most companies when they are evaluating their employees. This method is slightly hard to create in the initial stage, but it is more precise than any other method because it is able to handle critical, compensable factors in more detail. This system is based on six steps and theses steps are usually implemented by a job evaluation committee or by an individual HR analyst. The steps are as follows:- Step 1 is the, determine critical factor stage. The point system uses the factors which are mostly used in the factor comparison method but it mostly adds more detail by breaking down the factors into sub factors for example, responsibility can be broken down into safety for others, equipment and materials, assisting trainees and product or service quality. Step 2 is the, determine the levels of factors stage. In this stage the amount of responsibility or any other factor like skill may vary from job to job. The point system actually creates different kinds of levels which are associated with each other. This level actually helps the HR analyst to reward different degrees of responsibility, skills and other critical factors. Step 3 is the, allocate points to the sub factor stage where the factors list down to one side. And the levels are placed across the top of the evaluation sheet; the result is a point system matrix. Starting with a level IV, the job evaluation committee subjectively assigns the maximum possible points to each sub factor. For example, if safety (75) is twice as important as assisting trainees (37), it gets twice as many points.

Responsibility for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespear

Taking Responsibility for the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, the star crossed lovers, the perfect sadly losing there lives for their great love of each other. The tragic death has many characters to blame, but it is impossible to pinpoint the full responsibility on one individual character. Many of the characters in 'Romeo and Juliet' blame each other, for example, the Prince blames the two families and feud for their deaths. He believes that if certain things were different than this whole mess would not have occurred. If this terrible feud were not occurring than there would have been no objection to Romeo and Juliet getting married. "Where be these enemies? Capulet, Montague, see what a scourge is laid apon your hate," ====================================================================== (Act5 Scene3 lines 291-292) (The Prince) The most obvious character to blame in 'Romeo and Juliet' is most probably Friar Lawrence, for it was him who invents the bizarre scheme that will bring them together. Romeo puts his faith and trust in the Friar and he treats him almost like his own father. The Friars character is a very selfish one. At first he shows care and concern for Romeo by not totally agreeing with Romeos actions and decisions, for Romeo was not long ago in love with Rosaline, "Young men's love, then, lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes." (Act2 Scene3 lines 67-68) (Friar Lawrence) But as time progresses his thoughts change and he agrees to marry Romeo and Juliet, His intentions were not for the best of Romeo and Juliet but to gain prais... ...s to dealing with situations she acts much more mature, and she plays things much more safely than him. Although her character is very open she, still make sure the decisions she makes in life are the right ones. When she was about to take the potion she thought of all the different scenarios and chose which one was best for her, this is the complete opposite to Romeo. One of the key issues of the play was FATE. . One of the key issues of the play was FATE. You could say all of the events had a certain path and that one thing lead to another. Overall every single character is somewhat involved in the deaths of the star-crossed lovers, and even though they did not kill them literally, they all contributed in leading them in that direction. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. "Romeo and Juliet" 1597. Clark and Wright

Racial Controversy Surrounding the Assassination of Martin Luther King,

The Racial Controversy Surrounding the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. The impact of Martin Luther King, Jr. today is no doubt revered. He is commonly called the â€Å"Father of Civil Rights,† and is looked upon as a national icon, in an almost presidential-type light. His achievements have not only begat a national holiday for his birthday, but also helped lead to the creation of Black History Month. However, his accomplishments were not so regaled in his own time. In fact, most Caucasian Americans refused to even recognize any ban or barrier he and his cohorts attempted to change. African-Americans were just simply not respected by most whites in the 1950s and 1960s because they were considered â€Å"inferior.† This resonates with Baldwin’s opinions of whites’ refusals to accept that they may have made a mistake, and instead of taking responsibility for that mistake, they dump it on African-Americans and other races. A good example of this â€Å"dumping† of responsibilities occurred with the assass ination of King. It may be a possibility that the many different conspiracy theories that evolved after King’s assassination were created in a way to avoid Caucasians admitting that a single white person shot and killed the head of the Civil Rights Movement. Along with the many different conspiracy theories, there has been an uncovering of faults in the FBI’s investigation, some of which include not taking African-Americans’ eyewitness testimony seriously. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s first step into the world of civil rights occurred in Montgomery, Alabama, in December of 1951. After she refused to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger, Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the city’s segregation ... ... Luther King, Jr.: Conspiracy Theory #4†. Infoplease. 8 Apr. 2004 . Frank, Gerold. An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Greatest Manhunt of Our Time. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972. â€Å"King Report—Part 2†. U.S. Department of Justice. 8 Apr. 2004 . "Martin Luther King, Jr.". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 8 Apr. 2004. Library Gateway, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. . Ripley, Anthony. â€Å"Funeral Is Ignored by Whites But Some Atlanta Stores Close.† New York Times 9 Apr. 1968: 1-2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times. Library Gateway, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. 11 Apr. 2004 .

Explain the difference between rule

Explain the difference between rule, act and preference utilitarianism (25 marks) Utilitarianism is the ethical theory behind Justifying an action for being for the greater good. This is a teleological theory because it looks at the consequences of an action. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory. There are three types of utilitarianism: Act, Rule and Preference. Jeremy Bentham began the Utilitarianism theory. Utilitarianism is a hedonistic theory because it is based on pleasure and happiness. Each utilitarian has a different theory of Utilitarianism and this will be explained in my essay.First there was Jeremy Bentham the one to think of the Utilitarianism theory. Bentham was an act Utilitarian. Bentham was interested in the principle of utility, this is the theory of usefulness that suggests that an action is right if it brings the greatest happiness for the greatest number. He developed his ethical system based on ancient hedonism, which perused physical pleasure and avoided physical pain. Bentham believed that a moral act is one that maximises pleasure and minimises pain. From this Jeremy Bentham invented something called the ‘hedonic calculus' this was his way of measuring the good and bad of an action.Bentham said: the principle of utility aims to promote happiness, which is the supreme ethical value†¦ An act is right if it delivers more pleasure than pain and wrong if it brings about more pain than pleasure. ‘ To help people choose what would have the best possible consequence, Bentham provided a way of measuring it. This is the ‘hedonic calculus'. There are seven elements: the intensity of the pleasure; the duration of the pleasure; the certainty of the pleasure; the remoteness of the pleasure; the chance of succession of pleasures; the purity of the pleasure and lastly he extent of the pleasure.Bentham invented this to help people weigh up and measure how much pleasure an action will produce. Bentham was interested in the à ¢â‚¬Ëœgreatest good for the greatest number' and therefore his theory is quantitative. Bentham's view is described as Act Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism is Eudemonistic because actions are based on the happiness it brings; Consequentialist because the consequences an action will bring about and also Act Utilitarianism is measurable (by the hedonic calculus) and also quantitative because its based on the ‘greatest umber'.Act Utilitarianism is teleological because it aims to maximise the pleasure of the majority and has an end aim. Act Utilitarianism is also relative due to the fact that there is no notion of absolute right or wrong. On the other hand, Stuart Mill didn't agree with Bentham's Act Utilitarianism. Mill stressed that happiness was more important than pleasure. Mill said: ‘The Greatest promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness'. Here Mill is suggesting that happiness is the importance when looking at a moral action. Something that Mill also criticised about Bentham's view was the quantitative emphasis.Mill thought that actions should be measured in a qualitative way instead of quantitative way. Mill was interested in the quality of the pleasure. Mill looked at intellectual pleasures such as reading poetry and not pleasures such as eating or having sex. To add, Mill thought about the difference between animal pleasure and human pleasure. He said: ‘ It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied†¦ ‘ Furthermore, Mill suggested that in order to derive the principle of the greatest appiness for the greatest number we should have a principle of universality.Mill believed that we need moral rules to produce social order and Justice these rules should be followed universally. Mill was therefore seen as a Rule Utilitarian. Rule Utilitarianism is Consequentialist as is Act Utilitarianism; Rule Utilitarianism is Universalistic and also qualitative. Rule Utilitarianism is deont ological due to the fact that rules take priority. It is also relative because actions are based on the maximisation of pleasure for a particular society where the rules are used.Contrasting to Act and Rule Utilitarianism there is Preference Utilitarianism; this is the most recent form of Utilitarianism. R. M. Hare, Peter Singer and Richard Brandt all have different views though they are all Preference Utilitarianists. Preference Utilitarian's Judge moral actions according to whether they fit in with the preferences of the individuals involved. R. M Hare's approach argues that when making the decision on whether an action is right or wrong we must consider our own preferences and those of others. Hare said: ‘equal preferences count equally, whatever their content'.One problem is that sometimes people's preferences may clash therefore Hare suggested that we should ‘stand in someone else's shoes' and try to imagine what they would prefer. Hare thinks that people should tre at other with impartiality and he argues for universalisability. Peter Singer was also a Preference Utilitarian though he suggests that we should take the viewpoint of an impartial spectator. Singer said: ‘our own preferences cannot count any more than the preferences of others' and so, in acting morally, we should take account of all the people affected by our actions.

Frustrations With Japan essays

Frustrations With Japan essays December 8, 1941 was a solemn day. The day after Japan dropped the bomb on Pearl Harbor, the people of the United States mourned. If ever there was a time when Americans wanted to enter World War II, it was then. The United Sates had been deceived by the Empire of Japan, with whom they thought they were at peace. Franklin Roosevelts speech to Congress, asking for permission to declare war on Japan, shows the resentment and despair of the American After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, many Americans felt a lot of resentment against Japan, and the Japanese. Much of this resentment arose because Japan gave the United States a false hope of peace between the two countries. Also, from the evidence, it appeared that the attack was premeditated. Because of the distance between Japan and Hawaii, it was found that the attack had been planned days, possibly weeks beforehand (Roosevelt, 170). During the time before the attack, the Japanese had deceived the United States into believing they were at peace Because of the bombing by Japan, the American people were mourning the loss of their soldiers lives. They also were angry with the destruction of the naval and military forces, along with the attacks on Hong Kong, Guam, the Philippine Islands, Wake Island, and Midway Island all within hours of each other. The American people, along with the government, wanted nothing more than to destroy Japan, and win the war. In the Monica Sone document, I belief that the frustrations that the Americans were feeling are expressed in their entirety. The American people were so angry with the Japanese people, and so afraid that the Japanese would attack again, that the Americans basically rejected anyone that looked Japanese. To the Americans, regardless of whether you were native born, if you looked Japanese you were the enemy. The American government did not want to take ...

The Maya Used Glyphs for Writing

The Maya Used Glyphs for Writing The Maya, a mighty civilization that peaked around 600-900 A.D. and was centered in present-day southern Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras, had an advanced, complex writing system. Their â€Å"alphabet† consisted of several hundred characters, most of which indicated a syllable or a single word. The Maya had books, but most of them were destroyed: only four Maya books, or â€Å"codices,† remain. There are also Maya glyphs on stone carvings, temples, pottery, and some other ancient artifacts. Great strides have been made in the last fifty years in terms of deciphering and understanding this lost language. A Lost Language By the time the Spanish conquered the Maya in the sixteenth century, Maya civilization had been in decline for some time. The conquest-era Maya were literate and had kept thousands of books, but zealous priests burned the books, destroyed temples, and stone carvings where they found them and did all they could to repress Maya culture and language. A few books remained, and many glyphs on temples and pottery lost deep in the rainforests survived. For centuries, there was little interest in ancient Maya culture, and any ability to translate the hieroglyphs was lost. By the time historical ethnographers became interested in the Maya civilization in the nineteenth century, the Maya hieroglyphs were meaningless, forcing these historians to start from scratch. Maya Glyphs Mayan glyphs are a combination of logograms (symbols that represent a word) and syllabograms (symbols that represent a phonetic sound or syllable). Any given word can be expressed by a lone logogram or a combination of syllabograms. Sentences were composed of both of these types of glyphs. A Mayan text was read from top to bottom, left to right. The glyphs are generally in pairs: in other words, you start at the top left, read two glyphs, then go down to the next pair. Often the glyphs were accompanied by a larger image, such as kings, priests or gods. The glyphs would elaborate on what the person in the image was doing. History of Deciphering of the Maya Glyphs The glyphs were once thought of as an alphabet, with different glyphs corresponding to letters: this is because Bishop Diego de Landa, a sixteenth century priest with extensive experience with Maya texts (he burned thousands of them) said so and it took centuries for researchers to learn that Landa’s observations were close but not exactly right. Great steps were taken when the Maya and modern calendars were correlated (Joseph Goodman, Juan Martà ­Ãƒ ±ez Hernandez and J Eric S. Thompson, 1927) and when glyphs were identified as syllables, (Yuri Knozorov, 1958) and when â€Å"Emblem Glyphs,† or glyphs that represent a single city, were identified. Today, most of the known Maya glyphs have been deciphered, thanks to countless hours of diligent work by many researchers. The Maya Codices Pedro de Alvarado was sent by Hernn Cortà ©s in 1523 to conquer the Maya region: at the time, there were thousands of Maya books or codices which were still used and read by the descendants of the mighty civilization. Its one of the great cultural tragedies of history that nearly all of these books were burned by zealous priests during the colonial era. Today, only four badly battered Maya books remain (and the authenticity of one is sometimes questioned). The four remaining Maya codices are, of course, written in a hieroglyphic language and mostly deal with astronomy, the movements of Venus, religion, rituals, calendars and other information kept by the Maya priest class. Glyphs on Temples and Stelae The Maya were accomplished stonemasons and frequently carved glyphs onto their temples and buildings. They also erected â€Å"stelae,† large, stylized statues of their kings and rulers. Along the temples and on the stelae are found many glyphs which explain the significance of the kings, rulers or deeds depicted. The glyphs usually contain a date and a brief description, such as â€Å"penance of the king.† Names are often included, and particularly skilled artists (or workshops) would also add their stone â€Å"signature.† Understanding Maya Glyphs and Language For centuries, the meaning of the Maya writings, be the in stone on temples, painted onto pottery or drawn into one of the Maya codices, was lost to humanity. Diligent researchers, however, have deciphered nearly all of these writings and today understand pretty much every book or stone carving that is associated with the Maya. With the ability to read the glyphs has come a much greater understanding of Maya culture. For example, the first Mayanists believed the Maya to be a peaceful culture, dedicated to farming, astronomy, and religion. This image of the Maya as a peaceful people was destroyed when the stone carvings on temples and stelae were translated: it turns out the Maya were quite warlike, often raiding neighboring city-states for pillage, slaves, and victims to sacrifice to their Gods. Other translations helped shed light on different aspects of Maya culture. The Dresden Codex offers much information about Maya religion, rituals, calendars, and cosmology. The Madrid Codex has information prophecy as well as daily activities such as agriculture, hunting, weaving, etc. Translations of the glyphs on stelae reveal much about the Maya Kings and their lives and accomplishments. It seems every text translated sheds some new light on the mysteries of the ancient Maya civilization. Sources Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Edicià ³n Especial: Cà ³dices prehispnicas y coloniales tempranos. August, 2009. Gardner, Joseph L. (editor). Mysteries of the Ancient Americas. Readers Digest Association, 1986. McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006. Recinos, Adrian (translator). Popol Vuh: the Sacred Text of the Ancient Quichà © Maya. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1950.

Biography of Edmund Cartwright, English Inventor

Biography of Edmund Cartwright, English Inventor Edmund Cartwright (April 24, 1743–October 30, 1823) was an English inventor and clergyman. He patented the first power loom- an improved version of the handloom- in 1785 and set up a factory in Doncaster, England, to manufacture textiles. Cartwright also designed a wool-combing machine, an instrument for making rope, and a steam engine powered by alcohol. Fast Facts: Edmund Cartwright Known For: Cartwright invented a power loom that improved the speed of textile production.Born: April 24, 1743 in Marnham, EnglandDied: October 30, 1823 in Hastings, EnglandEducation: University of OxfordSpouse: Elizabeth McMac Early Life Edmund Cartwright was born on April 24, 1743, in Nottinghamshire, England. He graduated from Oxford University and married Elizabeth McMac at the age of 19. Cartwrights father was the Reverend Edmund Cartwright, and the younger Cartwright followed in his fathers footsteps by becoming a clergyman in the Church of England, serving initially as the rector of Goadby Marwood, a village in Leicestershire. In 1786, he became a prebendary (a senior member of the clergy) of  Lincoln Cathedral (also known as St. Marys Cathedral)- a post he held until his death. Cartwrights four brothers were also highly accomplished. John Cartwright was a naval officer who fought for political reforms to the British Parliament, while George Cartwright was a trader who explored Newfoundland and Labrador. Inventions Cartwright was not only a clergyman; he was also a prolific  inventor, though he didnt begin experimenting with inventions until he was in his 40s. In 1784, he  was inspired to create a machine for weaving after he visited inventor Richard Arkwrights cotton-spinning mills in Derbyshire. Although he had no experience in this field and many people thought his ideas were nonsense, Cartwright, with the help of a carpenter, worked to bring his concept to fruition. He completed the design for his first power loom in 1784 and won a patent for the invention in 1785. Although this initial design was not successful, Cartwright continued to make improvements to subsequent iterations of his power loom until he had developed a productive machine. He then established a factory in Doncaster to mass produce the devices. However, Cartwright had no experience or knowledge in business or industry so he was never able to successfully market his power looms and primarily used his factory to test new inventions. He invented a wool-combing machine in 1789 and continued to improve his power loom. He secured another patent for a weaving invention in 1792. Bankruptcy Cartwright went bankrupt in 1793, forcing him to close his factory. He sold 400 of his looms to a Manchester company but lost the remainder when his factory burned down, possibly due to arson committed by handloom weavers who feared they would be put out of work by the new power looms. (Their fears would eventually prove to be well-founded.) Bankrupt and destitute, Cartwright moved to London in 1796, where he worked on other invention ideas. He invented a steam engine powered by alcohol and a machine for making rope, and helped Robert Fulton with his steamboats. He also worked on ideas for interlocking bricks and incombustible floorboards. Improvements to Power Loom Cartwrights power loom needed some improvements, so several inventors took on the challenge. It was improved upon by Scottish inventor William Horrocks, the designer of the variable speed batton, and also by American inventor  Francis Cabot Lowell. The power loom was commonly used after 1820. When it became efficient, women replaced most men as weavers in textile factories. Although many of Cartwrights inventions were not successful, he was eventually recognized by the House of Commons for the national benefits of his power loom. The legislators awarded the inventor a prize of 10,000 Britsh pounds for his contributions. In the end, despite Cartwrights power loom being highly influential, he received little in the way of a financial reward for it. Death In 1821, Cartwright was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died two years later on October 30, 1823, and was buried in the small town of Battle. Legacy Cartwrights work played a pivotal role in the evolution of textile production. Weaving was the last step in textile production to be mechanized because of the difficulty in creating the precise interaction of levers, cams, gears, and springs that mimicked the coordination of the human hand and eye. Cartwrights power loom- though flawed- was the first device of its kind to do this, accelerating the process of manufacturing all kinds of cloth. According to the Lowell National Historical Park Handbook,  Francis Cabot Lowell,  a wealthy Boston merchant,  realized that in order for America to keep up with Englands textile production, where successful power looms had been in operation since the early 1800s, they would need to borrow British technology. While visiting English  textile mills, Lowell memorized the workings of their power looms (which were based on Cartwrights designs), and when  he returned to the United States, he recruited a master mechanic named Paul Moody to help him recreate and develop what he had seen. They succeeded in adapting the British design  and the machine shop established at the Waltham mills by Lowell and Moody continued to make improvements in the loom. The first American power loom was constructed in Massachusetts in 1813. With the introduction of a dependable power loom, weaving could keep up with spinning as the American textile industry was underway. The power loom allowed the wholesale manufacture of cloth from ginned cotton, itself a recent innovation of  Eli Whitney. Though primarily known for his inventions, Cartwright was also an esteemed poet. Sources Berend, Ivn. An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe: Diversity and Industrialization. Cambridge University Press, 2013.Cannon, John Ashton.  The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford University Press, 2015.Hendrickson, Kenneth E., et al.  The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History. Rowman Littlefield, 2015.Riello, Giorgio.  Cotton: the Fabric That Made the Modern World. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Drect effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drect effect - Essay Example The Court of Appeal referred two question to the ECJ and this are whether a different retirement age for men and women in breach of Directive 76/207 and if so whether Directive 76/207 to be relied on by Mrs. Marshall in the circumstances of the case. The Equal Treatment Directive 76/207, which is based not on Article 141 of the EC treaty but on the institutions general powers under Article 308 (ex 235), lays down the principle of equal treatment for men and women in Article 1(1). 1 (iii) The logic of this reasoning is that a Directive can only be invoked vertically, by an individual against the state, and not horizontally, by one individual against another, because individuals are not to blame for the non-implementation of the Directive. This view was EC law and national law confirmed in this case. In Marshall the issue of the horizontal effect of directives was, it seemed, finally laid to rest. In favour of horizontal effects is the fact that directives have always in fact been published, that Treaty provisions addressed to and imposing obligations on, MS have been held to be horizontally effective that it would be anomalous, and offend against the principle of equality. If an individual’s rights to invoke a directive were depend on the status, public or private, of the party against whom he wished to invoke it, that the useful effect of Community law would be weakened if individuals were not free to invoke the protection of Community law against all parties. Although ECJ imposed limitation on the HDE of directives, it also creates other strategies or ways to advance the domestic enforcement of these meaner which broadening the concept of state, indirect effect, incidental horizontal effect and state liability. However, the ECJ is expanding the concept of public sector in the case law and thus including more individual capable of protection of community law [Johnson v RUC2 and Foster v British Gas3] Part b) (i) The

Culture History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture History - Essay Example Because it is only through the material remains discovered that some peoples and cultures are now known to have existed, we can only understand these societies by comparing what has been left behind with other cultures that we have more knowledge about. We can interpret the findings in many different ways, all of which may contain some truth relating to the original society, but perhaps none of which offers any accuracy. Yet culture history can provide some accuracy as it is constrained by the artifacts found and the necessities common to all human life. In considering the idea of culture history, it must be acknowledged that nothing is certain regarding our interpretations, but it is also a very real part of our present existence. While we do not have the first-hand accounts of the 15th-century diarist, we do have the ability to compare to human needs as they are expressed today. â€Å"The only way in which we can understand their meaning [the artifacts] – if you will, the way in which we can state the archaeological record in words – is by knowing something about how these material things came into being, about how they have been modified, and about how they acquired the characteristics we see today. That understanding is dependent upon a large body of knowledge which links human activities to the consequences of those activities that may be apparent in material things† (Binford, 19). In the end, we learn more about ourselves because of archaeological study into cultural history.

Science tells us the truth about reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science tells us the truth about reality - Essay Example promotes curiosity about things, events and natural phenomena and provokes people to investigate the root cause of the event to know what and how things occur and what the real fact is. Science is therefore an effort to find the truth about reality. Science tells us the truth about reality mainly because it can broadly be defined as a process of testing new ideas and exploring natural phenomena to explain it with facts (Giere, 1988). This is vital ingredient of scientific based knowledge which constantly strives to unravel the mystery around us and bring the reality of situation or events to us. Indeed, it has evolved technology as means of furthering knowledge and exploiting it to improve and improvise the quality of human life. The most interesting thing about scientific knowledge is that is not satisfied with one aspect of knowledge but constantly endeavours to study different aspects of events and things to look for paradoxes and find out new things that may explain different facet about the reality. The widening scope of scientific knowledge is highly consistent with the reality because they investigate thoroughly in order to reveal the various facets of event and reveal reality Though science does not tells us the absolute truth about things like certain natural phenomena or how old is the earth or how the first organism was evolved, it does try to give tentative years and investigates the physiology of organisms and decode the genetics to tell that DNA are important part of organisms for knowing what makes human beings and other organisms different from each other. Indeed, reality is what we perceive and experience through our sensory organs. Scientific facts give credibility to the reality because their explanations and reasons are based on extensive research and trials. Most importantly, scientific knowledge is open to scrutiny by one and all and the scientific knowledge can be further explored for loopholes as well as for authentication. (words:

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statistics - Essay Example Z-Revenue is higher for Citicorp 3.69 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Z-profit is highest for Chase Manhattan Bank 3.23 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Summarize all these results; it can be said that only four banks has higher Revenue and Profit that BankTen: The BankTen does not has significantly higher profit per employee $0.041K than industry average $ 0.037K. Profit per employee with two standard deviation above the mean is $0.06. Profit per employee with two standard deviation below mean is $0.02. J.P.MORGAN & CO., BANK OF NEW YORK CO., BARNETT BANKS, REPUBLIC NEW YORK CORP. has profit per employee more than two standard deviation beyond the mean. J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank of New York Co and Republic New York Co. are the top three firms with respect to profit per employee and Barnett Banks is the bank with the lowest profit per employee. Although BankTen is not one of the top performers, it has an average performance (with 72.7 percentile on the profit per employee) on Revenue and Profits except number of employees, where it needs to improve its performance either by generating more revenue and profits with same number of employees or reduce the workforce for improving its profit per

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Dickeson v. U.S. (2000) Term Paper

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Dickeson v. U.S. (2000) - Term Paper Example It takes time and consumes a lot of it in this case to ensure equity and transparency in their awarding of their judgments. This is because justice must be seen as served to the parties in the most professional way possible based on the facts in a given case. A case study of the Miranda v. Arizona case in 1966 and Dickerson v. U.S. case in 2000 reveals that the Supreme Court did not reverse their ruling or rather their decision. Judges ideologies helped a big deal in reaching the ruling, because judges had to explore different options for them to stay the ruling or reverse it altogether. When rights of suspects and how police do their prosecutions comes into discussion, it changes the approach to the whole story. Judges have to look deeper in the case to understand every single detailed based on their ideologies and possible scenarios should they determine the case in a certain way. Quoting the Miranda’s conviction which was overturned, the court made it clear about what should happen if the suspect chooses to exercise or practice their rights. The judges upheld that how an individual practices their rights, provided they do not infringe on the rights of others, should not be a case of a court scrutiny. The Martin Quinn scores indicate that the Supreme Court’s decision on Miranda Vs Arizona was a liberal judgment as it is marked with a negative. The approach which was brought during the court proceeding by his Court appointed Attorney was that Miranda was not given the chance of requesting for an attorney which the Supreme Court indicated that it should have been an option from the Police Department. This ruling from the Supreme Court of Arizona has therefore set precedence for other cases. It was a difficult case for the judges to make a determination, based on the public interest the case had attracted, but they had to observe their professional ethics and make a determination. It is clear from the above case that judges play a

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statistics - Essay Example Z-Revenue is higher for Citicorp 3.69 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Z-profit is highest for Chase Manhattan Bank 3.23 and lower for First Natl of Nebraska. Summarize all these results; it can be said that only four banks has higher Revenue and Profit that BankTen: The BankTen does not has significantly higher profit per employee $0.041K than industry average $ 0.037K. Profit per employee with two standard deviation above the mean is $0.06. Profit per employee with two standard deviation below mean is $0.02. J.P.MORGAN & CO., BANK OF NEW YORK CO., BARNETT BANKS, REPUBLIC NEW YORK CORP. has profit per employee more than two standard deviation beyond the mean. J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank of New York Co and Republic New York Co. are the top three firms with respect to profit per employee and Barnett Banks is the bank with the lowest profit per employee. Although BankTen is not one of the top performers, it has an average performance (with 72.7 percentile on the profit per employee) on Revenue and Profits except number of employees, where it needs to improve its performance either by generating more revenue and profits with same number of employees or reduce the workforce for improving its profit per

Historical Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Historical Communications - Essay Example The rebus principle is one of the several principal types of pictographs that laid the foundation for the development of modern syllabaries. The rebus principle turns the sound into a symbol which then becomes part of more complex linguistic structures (Ong 86). At the level of rebus writing, â€Å"the symbol represents primarily a sound, and a rebus is a kind of phonogram† (Ong 86). As a result, the rebus principle shaped the basis for the creation of modern alphabetic systems by enabling individuals and societies to use pictures/symbols that signified particular sounds. A combination of those sounds would be used by those societies to describe complex notions. For example, the English word Milwaukee can be written down as a combination of the mill, walk, and key symbols (mill-walk-key) (Ong 86). This is one of the easiest examples of how the rebus principle works. Apparently, the rebus principle drove the subsequent systematization of sounds and their common representation i n written languages. With the help of the rebus principle a symbol denoting a particular concept could also be used in homonyms (WALS). The rebus principle facilitated the development and use of symbols denoting abstract notions, and gradually transformed into systemic and recognizable phonetic signs (WALS). The rebus principle was extremely common in the earliest Chinese writing, and today the Chinese and Japanese languages continue to rely on hybrid phonetic and syllabic structures. Simply stated, the symbols and pictograms used to denote complex notions gradually became a common pattern of representing those notions in writing. With time, the symbols and pictograms turned into phonetic signs to be used systematically in a particular writing language. The importance of the rebus principle for intercultural communications and understanding should not be disregarded. Better understanding across languages and language systems is one of the major benefits of the rebus system. For exam ple, persons speaking different dialects and being unable to understand each other can use the rebus principle to denote complex meanings through sounds (Ong 87). The rebus principle is of particular importance for the Asian languages, especially Chinese, since the Chinese characters are represented by exquisitely stylized pictures (Ong 87). Better understanding among different language groups can also drive the development of new symbolic systems: by using the rebus principle to understand each other; different language carriers can borrow the most convenient symbols and characters from a different language or dialect. Calling the alphabet â€Å"alphabet†: far-reaching linguistic implications The word â€Å"alphabet† signifies the starting point in the development of the basic and advanced language skills. Actually, every language is believed to start with an alphabet. In reality, however, the presence of an alphabet is the sign of language development and advancement . It is the result of numerous transformations and an important feature of contemporary language systems. Even the term â€Å"alphabet† has far-reaching implications for understanding its essence. By calling the alphabet â€Å"alphabet† (or alpha-beta), it is automatically implied that the alphabet reduces sounds to spatial equivalents and more analytic, manageable units (Ong 90). As a result, instead of having a

A Perspective on Disability Essay Example for Free

A Perspective on Disability Essay She is accompanied by a just as strong husband/caretaker who goes above and beyond the call of duty when it comes to taking care of his spouse. Nancy Mairs presents her audience with an honest inside view of her life and perspective as a cripple, a word she openly uses to define herself. Mairs constantly calls herself a â€Å"cripple† because disabled or not, the word â€Å"crippled† can make a person wince (Mairs). She brings her world to us, discussing a wide variety of things including language, family, and humor, and how these all relate to her life. Through various stories and insights, she allows her readers to gain an understanding and acceptance of people with disabilities. She examines the public’s view of the disabled, as well as the views they have of themselves, and compares them to her own. She makes it clear that she is not to be defined solely by her disability. Not only does she reach out to the general population, but she also reaches out to those in a similar situation as herself. She helps anyone with a disability really understand how able a disabled person can be. Having George participate in my care, calls me into life. It says, despite your losses, despite your limitations, you belong here with us and we want you to stay. We want you to stay enough that were willing to participate in the labor that it takes† (Mairs). That is possibly the most important motivation for caregiving: to show that person that their life is valued. Caregiving enables a person to be in the world, but it also enables them t o want to be in the world when it would be easier not to. From the other point of view a caregiver struggles with keeping a positive attitude when going day in and day out taking care of another human being. There is a constant reminder that quitting is not an option, because quitting is the equivalent to failure in this situation. â€Å"Im not confined to a wheelchair, I have choices. I can get up and get out, and that takes some of the pressure off me† (Mairs). It is important that caregivers get space from the person they care for. Nancy makes sure to provide George with his own time. Caregiving works incredibly if it is circular; George gives Nancy opportunities to care for him. Sometimes he does it consciously, but sometimes he just genuinely needs someone to be there for him like he is for her. He needs someone to hold his hand and tell him that everything will be all right. â€Å"If we look at everything we receive as a blessing, MS is a blessing. It probably has kept us together† (Mairs). Nancy and George Mairs have a relationship that works for the both of them.

Idea Expression Dichotomy UK

Idea Expression Dichotomy UK Copyright law goes beyond protecting just a verbatim copy and delves on a scheme of arrangement. Therefore copyright law acknowledges not only the form in which the author expressed the ideas but also the content of the ideas to a certain extent. In essence, since copyright law goes beyond the consideration of verbatim copies the usage of any element of the work could constitute a copyright infringement. This gives rise to the problem of demarcating a line between the unprotected idea protected expression since copyright infringement could exist for taking the substance without copying the form. Ideas are human conceptions that have been represented. They are not abstract conceptions that exist independent of a thought process  [3]  . The process of thinking of an idea involves giving it expression. Therefore, ideas are human conceptions and cannot exist independently of a way of conceptualizing i.e. essentially the expression. In essence there are no expressionless ideas. There fore the idea expression dichotomy lives upto its name of being the central axiom of copyright law in determining what is copyrightable. The limitation that has been imposed by law on copyrightable materials is copyrightability of ideas. Therefore this limits the elements which can be copyrightable but yet does not provide a workable solution for the dichotomy. The perimeters of the encroachment inevitably vary because the interpretation of the idea-expression dichotomy in the legal order at any given time is essentially a reflection of shifting political choices in a particular jurisdiction and era about what should be able to be privately owned and what should be kept in the public domain  [4]   Though the content behind something can be similar the means and ways of expressing it are completely different as are the modes of receiving the expression. As an illustration, Shakespeares way of characterizing a scene and any other authors way of depicting a scene would be clearly different even though the subject matter of characterization would be different. Therefore by virtue of this paper the researcher seeks to analyze the idea expression dichotomy as well as provide for a justification and a working critique to the same. The courts have never been clear to differentiate the concept of unprotected ideas from protected expressions and hence forth would go into the aspect as well. An excurses into the history of the origin of this difference will be constructed and thence an analysis of Indian Law on the subject. History Origin of the Doctrine The history of Copyright though began with the invention of the Gutenberg printing press and the passing of the Statute of Anne in 1710. The Statute of Anne was bought into play for the encouragement of learning, by vesting the copies of printed books in the authors. Therefore, it can be said that first attempt at passing a copyright legislation recognized the fact that there would protection of only expressions that have been put forth in the books of the authors. But this legislation cannot be squarely called a copyright legislation. The courts show a more interesting history that can be discerned through two different eras of judicial pronouncements. The history of copyright law has occurred in the jurisdictions of the United Kingdom and United States, where the legal principles were settled. India, in recognizing the need for a separate copyright law has agreed on the basic principles  [5]  which have been embodied in the United States, United Kingdom Laws and the International Agreements on copyright  [6]  . The idea-expression dichotomy as it stands envisages the freedom of the existence of ideas in the public domain as it involves dissemination of knowledge and therefore the encouragement of learning. This assertion has been seen to have been existing from the times of ancient Rome where Seneca had stated that ideas are common property and therefore cannot be protected  [7]  . In the case of Millar v. Taylor  [8]  wherein Judge Yates gave the dissenting opinion, stated clearly that the protection that was guaranteed under copyright laws was to print a set of intellectual ideas or modes of thinking or set of works. Therefore by not referring to a fixated material form the inevitable conclusion that forms is the fact that the dichotomy existed but as an abstraction. Another factor that is important to be seen is that there was the absence of patent law and therefore there would be no overlapping of rights of novelty or idea in such a case. This distinction that was created in a d issenting opinion was further diluted by the case of Emerson v. Davies  [9]  wherein it was stated precisely that there would be copyright in a plan, arrangement and combination of materials for an author and in his mode of illustrating his subject if it is novel. Therefore, the added criteria of novelty and the usage of words of arrangement and combination clearly dilutes the gap between idea and expression further. In the case of Lawrence v. Dana  [10]  the court said that the author of a book has as much right in the plan, arrangement and combination as he has in his thoughts sentiments and reflections. In this regard it is stated that there came a point in the history of copyright law wherein the dichotomy had been diluted and ideas were treated at par with expressions. The jurisprudence with regard to copyright law was set straight with the decisions of Burros-Giles Lithograph Company v. Sarony  [11]  and the origin of the doctrine was marked in the cases of Baker v. Selden  [12]  and Holmes v. Hurst  [13]  . In the cases mentioned above it was seen that the court clearly drew a distinction by making two categories for works i.e. un-protected art in protected work and protected work  [14]  . Therefore I can be said that though the court did not clearly differentiate between ideas and expressions, there is a clear distinction that can be discerned through the usage of the words unprotected art in a protected work which gives shape to the demarcation of the Dichotomy. This doctrine was given definite form and used in cases  [15]  after Holmes v. Hurst  [16]  where it was said that The right thus secured by the copyright act is not a right to the use of certain words, because they are the common property of the human race, and are as little susceptible of private appropriation as air or sunlight; nor is the right to ideas alone, since in the absence of means of communicating them they are of value to no one but the author The copyright dichotomy has spread across many jurisdictions, forming the fundamental axiom of copyright law in determining the copyrightability of a certain subject matter. Furthermore, it has served as an adjustment to accommodate Patent Law as well. There has since the origin of the theory been a debate over the justifiability of the doctrine. Justification for Copyright Theory The primary purpose of copyright law is to maintain the balance between provision of incentives to promote creative works on one hand and public interest on the other. The best possible manifestation of this statement is present in the United States Constitutions copyright clause which states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries  [17]   Therefore, in essence, copyright law is aimed at promotion of creativity and dissemination of creative works so that the public can benefit from it  [18]  . To reach this goal the authors are given incentives to create by virtue rights such as the right to profit and control their work. But it must be kept in mind that right of one against another essentially involves the abstinence from a certain right for another. Therefore, the provision of exclusive rights over one work would constitute a barrier to any others from using the same in his/her work  [19]  . This would lead to the achieving of a self defeating purpose. It is conventional to suggest that literary imagination is not s volcano of pure imagination  [20]  . In this regard if the purpose of copyright law was to give the author of an expression, exclusive rights over the idea as well the balance of copyright law would tip over to private rights rather than public interest. In the case of Eichel v. Marcon  [21]   the New York circuit court set forth this proposition very artistically and said If an author, by originating a new arrangement and form of expression of certain ideas or conceptions, could withdraw these ideas or conceptions could withdraw these ideas or conceptions from the stock of materials to be used by other authors, each copyright would narrow the field thought open for development and exploitation, and science poetry, narrative and dramatic action as well as other branches of literature would be hindered by copyright instead of being promoted. Another factor which strongly provides for a justification is that though copyright law provides for incentives for creation, it undermines competition which usually marks the efficiency of the market. By virtue of making even ideas copyrightable, there would be an increase in the cost of provision subsequently simply due to the fact that the subsequent author would seek to offset the cost of the license to the public. The idea expression dichotomy in copyright law finds its justification in the Utilitarian school of thought. The utilitarian school of thought has justified the existence of copyright law so as to induce innovation and intellectual productivity. The utilitarian thought, with their strong belief in, the greater good of the greater number, advocate the conferment of rights in order to strike a balance between the economic interests of right-holders and the greater interest of the public  [22]  . It has been set forth that utilitarian theorists argue that limited monopolies spur innovation, and in order to foster innovation the system must recognize exclusive rights in intellectual creationsrights which are limited in duration and scope  [23]  . The Idea/expression dichotomy seeks to provide for such a balance. By limiting the scope of giving rights to the expressions only, copyright law seeks to provide for the greater good which is the dissemination of ideas. By keeping ideas in the public domain and thereby giving public access on one hand to copyrighting expressions to provide incentive the goal of copyright law which is to promote creativity is achieved. In essence the Idea expression dichotomy imposes a limitation upon copyright law for the greater good  [24]  . In a situation where the ideas were also copyrightable the public access to such would be difficult leading to derogation of arts sciences and literature. Another factor that seeks to provide justification for this dichotomy is the Lockean labour theory. The theory has been used in many instances without regard to the proviso contained therein. The Lockean labor theory in brevity states that the laborer is entitled to the products of her labour, provided that there is enough, and as good, left in common for others  [25]  . This essentially again seeks to suggest a limitation of the exclusive right that is conferred by copyright. Moreover, it is asserted that there is reference to leaving ideas in the public domain by suggesting that enough as good is left in common. Therefore, the statement in short seeks to provide a justification to provide protection for applying labour to the abstraction (idea) which exists in public domain to give it a definitive form whereas exempting the idea (abstraction) itself. Therefore, copyright theory clearly provides for the distinct treatment of ideas from expressions in terms for what is to be copyrighted. This differential treatment therefore transforms into a distinction between copyrightable works and non-copyrightable works. Theoretically speaking copyright does elicit a dichotomy but the said dichotomy has been said to be troubled in light of the absence of any line demarcating an idea from an expression The problems shrouding the dichotomy : Criticisms It is set forth at the very outset that if the law of copyright does not or cannot effectively separate ideas from expressions, then it cannot be persuasively argued that ideas are not controlled by the law of copyright and thereby removed from free circulation in the public sphere  [26]  . The history of copyright law has viewed ideas and expressions as two different categories and has therefore made a line to distinguish the same. There have been many problems that arose in the past century with regards this distinction and its theory but this distinction has been retained. A district court in New York in the case of Steinburg v. Columbia Pictures Indus  [27]  explained the retention of this imprecise doctrine to be a result of no other better alternative. Ideas are human conceptions that have been represented. They are not abstract conceptions that exist independently waiting to be thought. The process of thinking of an idea involves giving it expression. Therefore, ideas are human conceptions and cannot exist independently of a way of conceptualizing i.e. essentially the expression. An idea is the substance of a writing whereas the expression is the form. The substance shapes the form and the form shapes the substance. Hence both cannot exist independently and have a complementary relationship. In essence what is implied is that there are no expressionless ideas. Therefore ideas never exist independently of an expression since the only way to conceptualize an idea is an expression. Though law creates a fictionary line between ideas and expression but in essence there can be no unexpressionless ideas  [28]  . Law in essences views ideas as abstractions or generalities and therefore distinct from expressions which are fixed in a me dium  [29]  . Though there have been many judicial pronouncements upon the existence of the dichotomy, but yet none of the courts have coherently put forth the definition and scope of idea or expression or the demarcating line between the two  [30]  . The dichotomy has been signified in many cases as ideas behind expressions  [31]   or underlying ideas  [32]  , but have neither gone onto clearly distinguishing the difference nor provided conceptual clarity with respect to the terms. Furthermore, the variety of terminologies that have been used seeks to provide a lack of clarity in this field. At the outset the creation of this demarcation involves a number of implications. Firstly, it has been asserted that upon scrutiny of a certain work there can be a number of ideas that are ascertained at different levels  [33]  . Therefore in the absence of any coherent definition and scope of idea or expression there would essentially be an imposition of a courts own value judgments  [34]  in answering the question of what is a idea or expression. Indian Courts have also seen the imposition of such a value judgment, specifically in the case of NRI Film Production Associates v. Twentieth Century Fox Anr  [35]  wherein it was alleged that the Hollywood production Independence Day was a copy of the film Extra-Terrestrial Mission. The court it was seen pronounced upon the point on infringement and while doing so imposed its own value judgments around the movie and came to the conclusion that there was no uniqueness regarding the same. Though it was seen in the case that the counsel for the applicants had vehemently agitated upon various novel conceptualizations but the court nevertheless found a distinction in the manner in which the script had been posed. Secondly the problem that is posed is that copyright recognizes infringement not only when there is a verbatim copy of the concept at hand but also when there is copy of the scheme of arrangement  [36]  . In this regard it is asserted that a writings idea has a great bearing upon the scheme of arrangement and other similarly placed matters. But, the judicial fiction of the Idea/expression dichotomy essentially groups the scheme and arrangement within the domain of an expression and consequently creating a conflict in the paradigm of the dichotomy. The courts essentially by virtue of this distinction have created two categories under ideas i.e. to say ideas that are un-protectable due to being abstractions and ideas that are protectable due to having a direct relation with the expression of the idea. Therefore it is concluded that there are inherent problems with the working of this dichotomy which is complex and intricate. The courts in their judgments have failed to define the abstractions (Ideas) and thereby differentiate ideas from expressions with the needed clarity so as to provide for a coherent judicial fiction. The Dichotomy in the Indian Copyright Act 1957 The Indian Copyright act has been established after the realization of the need of a new copyright law to replace the existing copyright law enacted by the British. It was felt that the Copyright Act of 1911 which was bought into application into the Indian Jurisdiction with adaptation as the Indian Copyright Act of 1914  [37]  . Since there was a fundamental difference in this constitutional situation post independence the legislature decided to bring about the Indian Copyright Act, 1957  [38]  . The principles regarding copyright law were settled when bringing a law regarding the same as the legislative intention embodied in the Statement of Objects and Reasons clearly states the reliance upon the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention  [39]  . Furthermore, by reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.in light of the experience gained in the past forty years over the working of the act  [40]  it can be concluded that there is acceptance of the basic principles o f copyright law. The Indian Copyright Act does not contain any specific reference to the Idea/Expression Dichotomy but yet there is an implied recognition of the right. Section 13 sets forth the works in which copyright subsists and enumerates the following a) Literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work b) cinematograph films sound recordings. In this regard, to obtain clarity it will be expedient to look into the definition of all these types of works which have been provided under the Copyright Act as the subject matter of copyright. Artistic work has been defined under Section 2 (c) of the Indian Copyright Act  [41]  . In this regard if it is seen the nature of the section which is an inclusive and indicative definition shows central characteristics of being fixated and being concrete expressions of an artists creative edge. Furthermore, though the definition of Literary work provided in Section 2 (0) of the act eludes a specific form  [42]  , reference can be made to the definition of Literary Work as under the Berne Convention on Copyright  [43]  , which clearly requires literary work and all allied works under the definition to be in form of an expression. Furthermore, the definition of dramatic and musical work which have been provided for under sections 2(h)  [44]  and 2 (p)  [45]  provide for the external manifestation of the idea by way of fixating it in a medium as well as through the requirement of being an arrangement or scheme which is capable of being discerned. Therefore in this regard it is asserted that the definition of the different types of works which are the subject matter of copyright under Indian Law clearly through the nature of the definition show that expressions are the only mode that is copyrightable and not ideas. This assertion can be justified with two points, firstly, the fact that the common characteristic running through all the types of works running above is that of a concrete fixated work. Secondly, all the illustrations mentioned in the definition clause clearly show another underlying scheme which is that there needs to be an arrangement of ideas and scheme of arrangement in the works that have been enumerated as the subject matter of copyright. Furthermore, the courts in India have identified the existence of the dichotomy and therefore not granted copyright to ideas  [46]  . There have been a plethora of authorities in this regard, but the settled position of law expressed by the Supreme Court has been in the case of R.G.Anand v. Delux Films  [47]  , the court clearly held that no copyright subsists in ideas, subject matter, themes, plots, legendary facts and only the original expression of such thought or information in some concrete form is protected  [48]  . This is because law does not recognize property rights in abstract ideas and does not accord the author or proprietor the protection of his ideas  [49]  . While pronouncing the judgment the Apex Court looked at various decision from U.S. and U.K like the case of Donoghue v. Allied Newspapers  [50]   This at any rate is clear, and one can start with this beyond all question that there is no copyright in an idea, or in ideas. If the idea, however brilliant and however clever it may be, is nothing more than an idea, and is not put into any form of words, or any form of expression such as a picture or a play, then there is no such thing as copyright at all. It is not until it is (If I may put it in that way) reduced into writing, or into some tangible form, that you get any right to copyright at all, and the copyright exists in the particular form of language in which, or, in the case of a picture, in the particular form of the picture by which, the information or the idea is conveyed to those who are intended to read it or look at it. The Supreme Court concluded by setting forth the law underlying copyright act by stating that the dichotomy did in fact exist. The court opined that an idea, principle, theme, or subject matter or historical or legendary facts being common property cannot be the subject matter of copyright of a particular person  [51]  . Therefore since the idea or the theme behind a work is not copyrightable, where the theme is the same but is presented and treated differently so that the subsequent work becomes a completely new work, no question of violation of copyright arises. Conclusion The Idea-Expression Dichotomy that exists as a fundamental principle of copyright law essentially seeks to protect the expressions and not the Ideas behind the expressions. The case for securing protection to the expressions as opposed to the ideas remains entrenched deeply in the theory of copyright law. The doctrine got definitive form in the case of Baker v. Selden  [52]  and thereafter was affirmed in later judgment of Holmes v. Hurst  [53]  . Notwithstanding the justifications for the dichotomy, there has been much debate about the efficacy of the doctrine. Since the aim of copyright law is to encourage learning by giving incentive, by copyrighting ideas the whole aim of giving incentives stands nullified. The authors novel thoughts can be taken and adapted by subsequent authors of works. But on the other hand the dichotomy serves a dual purpose i.e. to say it helps in distinguishing copyright law from patent law which essentially protects novelties and on the other hand serves public interest by allowing dissemination of ideas into the public domain. This doctrine has been adapted into Indian Law, though not expressly through the statutory provisions. The doctrine has been derived indirectly from the provisions of the act since it forms the basic principles underlying Copyright Law. The courts in a number of cases have reiterated this dichotomy and clearly said that expressions in the form of arrangement, schemes of arrangement etc are copyrightable.

Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: A Quick Analysis :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays

A Quick Analysis of Dorian Gray The story begins as Basil Hallward, a painter, is working on a portrait depicting a young man named Dorian Gray. His friend, Lord Henry Wotton, is visiting and tells him that he thinks it is the best work Basil has ever done. He wants to know who the young man is in the painting, as his good looks are apparently very striking, but Basil is reluctant to talk about it. Lord Henry insists upon meeting Dorian, and eventually Basil introduces them, after warning Lord Henry not to try to "influence" Dorian, because he is a bad influence. Dorian instantly takes to Lord Henry, fascinated by the way he talks and his unique view of the world, which is pretty annoying, to me anyway. Lord Henry takes Dorian outside and makes a speech about how he thinks beauty is everything and that Dorian should not waste his youth because it is the "most important" thing in the world. Well, at least he's not shallow or anything like that. When Basil finishes that painting, Dorian throws a hissy fit because he realizes that while he grows old and ugly, the painting will remain forever young. He wishes that the painting would age and he would remain beautiful forever. Way to go, Dorian. The next day, Lord Henry visits his uncle, Lord Fermor, and finds out more about Dorian's past and his parentage. He finds himself utterly obsessed with Dorian and the power he feels he has over him. Later, he visits his aunt, Lady Agatha, and Dorian is there. We get to hear more of his controversial opinions on several topics. Everybody seems appalled at the way he thinks, but I guess he is so charming that they eat it right up. Afterward, Dorian ditches Basil to go out with Lord Henry, which is pretty cold. Anyway, a month later, Dorian tells Lord Henry that he has fallen in love with an actress named Sybil Vane. They have a dialogue in which Dorian explains how he met Sybil (inspired by Lord Henry and wanting to know "everything about life," he went to a "playhouse" in a bad part of town, saw her in a Shakespearean play, and was so smitten that he returned to see her every night since) and Lord Henry offers even MORE of his views, which mainly consist of (more) uppity, self-center ed generalizations, not to mention the constant objectifying of women. Free Essays on Picture of Dorian Gray: A Quick Analysis :: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays A Quick Analysis of Dorian Gray The story begins as Basil Hallward, a painter, is working on a portrait depicting a young man named Dorian Gray. His friend, Lord Henry Wotton, is visiting and tells him that he thinks it is the best work Basil has ever done. He wants to know who the young man is in the painting, as his good looks are apparently very striking, but Basil is reluctant to talk about it. Lord Henry insists upon meeting Dorian, and eventually Basil introduces them, after warning Lord Henry not to try to "influence" Dorian, because he is a bad influence. Dorian instantly takes to Lord Henry, fascinated by the way he talks and his unique view of the world, which is pretty annoying, to me anyway. Lord Henry takes Dorian outside and makes a speech about how he thinks beauty is everything and that Dorian should not waste his youth because it is the "most important" thing in the world. Well, at least he's not shallow or anything like that. When Basil finishes that painting, Dorian throws a hissy fit because he realizes that while he grows old and ugly, the painting will remain forever young. He wishes that the painting would age and he would remain beautiful forever. Way to go, Dorian. The next day, Lord Henry visits his uncle, Lord Fermor, and finds out more about Dorian's past and his parentage. He finds himself utterly obsessed with Dorian and the power he feels he has over him. Later, he visits his aunt, Lady Agatha, and Dorian is there. We get to hear more of his controversial opinions on several topics. Everybody seems appalled at the way he thinks, but I guess he is so charming that they eat it right up. Afterward, Dorian ditches Basil to go out with Lord Henry, which is pretty cold. Anyway, a month later, Dorian tells Lord Henry that he has fallen in love with an actress named Sybil Vane. They have a dialogue in which Dorian explains how he met Sybil (inspired by Lord Henry and wanting to know "everything about life," he went to a "playhouse" in a bad part of town, saw her in a Shakespearean play, and was so smitten that he returned to see her every night since) and Lord Henry offers even MORE of his views, which mainly consist of (more) uppity, self-center ed generalizations, not to mention the constant objectifying of women.

The Safety Net Program Health And Social Care Essay

The Safety Net plan administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is a school based intercession plan. A † Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth † , was administered to 160 pupils, at Richardson West Junior High School, during the 2009 – 2010 school old ages. The pupils are referred for plan engagement by parents, instructors or other school forces for bar or early intercession of behavioural concerns that hinder school success. However, plan engagement is voluntary and even with parental permission ; pupil must exhibit willingness for plan engagement. Safety Net is a ten- hebdomad equal facilitated course of study based intercession theoretical account, administered during the school twenty-four hours. The Safety Net plan provides a full scope of bar and early intercession services including preventative instruction, reding and accomplishments preparation. The Ohio – Young person Problem, Functioning, and Satisfaction Scales, is the assessment instrument administered to plan participants for outcome step. The 48-question short reply signifier measures pupils perceived jobs, compared with pupils perceived operation, within the past 30 yearss. The assessment instrument, administered in the signifier of a pre and post-test study, administered prior to intercession and once more at the apogee of the ten-week Safety Net plan engagement. By comparing, the average norm of the 160 pupil participants pre and post- trial tonss, measuring for capable group norm of each, measuring for statistical difference, after plan completion to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan for this capable group.Evaluation of the effectivity of the Safety Net planAn scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. Coupled with an analysis of descri ptive statistical informations from the Safety Net plan, for the intent of plan rating the Safety Net plan will turn out to be an effectual intercession method, for the 160 kids -student engagement group. The determination to research the subject of the effectivity of school based intercession plans came as the consequence of a practicum experience as a Safety Net counsellor, while functioning as a alumnus pupil houseman for the Child and Family Guidance Center, in Dallas, TX, spring 2010. As a societal work professional and former particular instruction instructor, the wellbeing of kids and the plans and intercession methods used to handle them is personally relevant. Child welfare societal policy remains an evolving precursor, in America, which sustains the seasonableness of this organic structure of research. Many school-based intercession plans receive federal support therefore ; all taxpaying citizens are stakeholders in the wellbeing of today ‘s kids who are the kernel of social hereafter and hence, this research is comparative and informational to a wide audience. The Family and Child Guidance Centers Inc, assumed name Child and Family Guidance Centers is a non-profit corporation functioning households impacted by mental unwellness, kid maltreatment and disregard, bad behaviours, and substance maltreatment. The bureaus mission is, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. â€Å" Established in 1896, Child and Family Guidance Center has nurtured kids, strengthened households, and sceptered persons by supplying comprehensive solutions to life ‘s jobs through guidance, instruction, public consciousness, and community partnerships for over 113 old ages. The Safety Net Plan is one of many plans included under the parent organic structure of services that Child and Family Guidance Center provides. Others include Psychiatric & A ; Therapy Based Servicess for Adults, Children, and Families Program. This equips households with skills/resources to cut down chronic jobs including me ntal unwellness, household force, kid maltreatment, and homelessness through an array of household focused, mental wellness services.A Intensive Services for Children with Mental Illness ( Severe Emotional Disturbance ) Program provides intensive clinical services to kids with the disablement of serious mental unwellness to enable them to successfully work in their place and school environments and to efficaciously passage to maturity. Using a â€Å" wrap-around † attack, they provide community-based services to turn to behavioural wellness demands utilizing strength-based ends and the integrating of community services. Co-occurring Mental Health & A ; Substance Abuse Services Program provides prevention/intervention services to youth with behavioural issues that put them at hazard for substance abuse/addiction. Equally good as supplying intervention to persons diagnosed with co-occurring mental unwellness and substance maltreatment to cut down the negative effects of the dou ble diseases.A Parent & A ; Family Education – The Family and Community Education Program ( FACE ) serve households affected by kid maltreatment, divorce, or dysfunction.A It seeks to stabilise households by learning accomplishments to turn to jobs that stress household systems and put household members at risk.A ( Child and Family Guidance Center is the exclusive supplier of rearing instruction services to Child Protective Services for 19 county parts within the province of Texas. Finally, the Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, the school based intercession plan that serves as the beginning of this plan rating. Child and Family Guidance Center is a nationally acclaimed plan, renowned for its regard and indorsement by the Federal authorities, as proven by the continued successful acquisition of federal support and noteworthy usage of resources sanctioned with Federal indorsement. Child and Family Guidance Center has been a recognized spouse of the United- Way since 1924 ( Childandfamilies.info ) . Childs are a particular population, who possess a particular leaning for alteration hence, â€Å" it is easier to add strength than it is to deduct from failing † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 91 ) . By placing these pupils and turn toing, bad behaviours, in in-between school, places these pupils at an advantage, as they are able to have the necessary support to go resilient and the tools necessary for school success. â€Å" Having observed that every individual has the ability to get the better of hardship if of import protective factors are present in that individual ‘s life † , it is inherit that at hazard pupils are identified and receive intervention in school based intercession plans such as Safety Net ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Resilient kids have been found to possess four common properties: Social competency ( the ability to arouse positive responses from others, therefore set uping positive relationships with both grownups and equals ) . Problem- work outing accomplishments ( planning and resourcefulness in seeking aid from others ) Autonomy ( a sense of one ‘s ain individuality and an ability to move independently and exercise some control over one ‘s environment ) . A sense of intent and hereafter ( ends, educational aspirations, continuity, hopefulness, and a sense of a bright hereafter ) ( Benard, 1993, p. 44 ) . Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . Although pupils must come to the Safety Net plan volitionally, they must hold parental/ guardian permission, which includes a parental pre and station -test. This serves a signifier of parental support, in that parents must detect and be able to describe out on their pupils ‘ behaviour ( Cooper, 2000 ) . As good, Safety Net counsellors are required to document a lower limit of 10 contacts, with each participant, instructors, guardian or other mental wellness professional. This pattern cultivates an automatic support system for each single pupil participant. With cognition of plan engagement, pupils become unwittingly accountable to multiple grownups, who are likely concerned with their overall wellbeing. This pattern every bit good cultivates caring adult relationships that pupils may trust on, at the decision of the Safety Net plan. One of the first assignments given at the induction of the ten-week plan term is the choice of a â€Å" Safe Adult † by each pupil and both parties must subscribe a contractual understanding of answerability and support. The pupil is told to choose an grownup that they may reach in the event of crisis, need for support or advice. This is a support system of the pupils ain induction, this pattern cultivates job work outing accomplishments, liberty and a sense of intent ( Hallfors, 2006 ) . The above pattern of the Safety Net plan in cultivating, every pupil ‘s leaning for resilience besides, establishes the protective factors that are through empirical observation necessary for get the better ofing hardship ( Openshaw, p.92, 2008 ) . These factors documented as being necessary for get the better ofing hardship within the household, school and community. To the acclamation of the Safety Net Program, before of all time diging into the through empirical observation based course of study, every bit good predisposes, an environment conducive for resilience and wellness by: â€Å" Establish a lovingness environment † – at least one grownup who knows the kid good and cares deeply about the wellbeing of that kid. This plan affords each kid the liberty to place multiple lovingness grownups, at school, at place or in their community. This lovingness grownup is so in a place to expose in a non -threatening mode, â€Å" positive outlooks, high clearly articulated outlooks for each kid and the purposeful support necessary to run into those outlooks. Many pupils, by and large, would non place an grownup and petition, clear outlooks for behaviour. This plan affords each pupil â€Å" participation- meaningful engagement and duty ( Krovetz, 1999 ) . Professional values and beliefs sing service as a Safety Net Counselor include but are non limited to the followers: As a professional societal worker interning within a non- societal work specific place, one must trust on NASW ‘s Code of Ethics as a usher to ethical determination devising ( NASW, 2002, Standard I ) , sing ethical quandary in keeping societal work values in a non-social work scene. This codification of behavior is particularly of import when working in an intern function, contracted with an bureau that places your service assignment inside another entity, such as a school. First, one must see the bureaus policies, which may or may non aline with societal work values and so the additive of adhering to the schools policies and processs, which may non aline with the overall values of the societal work profession. In cases such as this, it is imperative for societal workers to adhere, every bit closely as possible to the specified guidelines of both of their employing organic structures and when in uncertainty or struggle should mention to and adhere to NASW ‘s Code of Ethi cs. Ethical quandary are possible and likely in all degrees of pattern, but particularly during the Practicum experience, as the societal work professional is likely charting new professional land. Therefore, it is imperative for pupil housemans in all scenes to be familiar with bureau policy every bit good as their ain professional moralss, which will normally steer their values. Sing the facets of diverseness, school scenes, are normally comprised of diverse populations. These diverse populations range from socio- economic position, race, colour and national beginning to linguistic communication distinction and age. Sing age, when practising within a school puting one must be prepared and adequately equipped to address pupils, parents, school personnel/ other professionals and the community. A personal value in working with kids is the demand to get the hang and expose cultural competency and sensitiveness. This is an ethical authorization but as a former pedagogue and one with a deep affinity for the well- being of kids, it is imperative, to expose cultural competency and sensitiveness without unwittingly precipitating exclusion ( Fallick, 2008 ) . The Child and Family Guidance Center ‘s acceptance and execution of the â€Å" Safety Net – Intervention Servicess for High Risk Youth, † plan is likely motivated by the handiness of State and Federal support nevertheless the plan ‘s design is in maintaining with the bureaus overall mission, â€Å" To supply quality accessible mental wellness services to beef up kids, households, and communities. † Therefore, based on the bureaus stated mission, the bureau is likely passionate about the results of this peculiar plan. Intrinsically, the plans design is in maintaining with their mark audience, extrinsically the bureau receives wages for plan execution in the signifier of grant support. This combination of incentives creates a diverse, yet balanced motive for plan execution ( Fallick 2008 ) . The end of this plan rating is to find the effectivity of the Safety Net plan. The coveted result is to turn out that school based intercession plans such as Safety Net is an effectual method for the intervention of behavioural and mental wellness concerns in kids. Make such plans, specifically the Safety Net Program, run into their stated aims of drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life-skill development for at-risk young person? It is one ‘s outlook that the execution of intercession in the signifier of course of study based, peer- facilitated groups will hold a permanent consequence on participants overall school success. This plans disposal occurs within the general instruction scene, and while plan participants exhibit behavioural concerns that preclude their engagement in more mainstream activities, engagement in the Safety Net plan is a preventive and early intercession scheme. By using evidence-based pattern, in the signifier of student-centered course of s tudy, cultivating resilience and developing a support system of each single pupil ‘s pick, the societal worker/ Safety Net Counselor is able to use their ego, their professional cognition every bit good as the pupil ‘s equals in a positive manner to consequence alteration. The ends and mark results set Forth by Safety Net plan Changes that will advance the coveted result of pupils ‘ success in school, including: Dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive Character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating Resiliency-the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals Life – accomplishments development, in the signifier, of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar Celebrated school Social Work expert ascertains that, â€Å" one possible solution to the dropout job is for societal workers to work closely with in-between schools to assist place those pupils who appear to be at hazard when they enter high school. These pupils may be in particular instruction or in alternate plans, may hold failed categories, or received reding from the school counsellor to assist them get by with school- related jobs † ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 122 ) . This is exactly the standard norm for designation as a campaigner for the Safety Net plan, as administered at Richardson West Junior High School. Parents, instructors, counsellors and other school forces, place Safety Net plan participants, by placing pupils with inordinate absence, which is frequently an index of a household in demand of support, or a pupil who may be deliberately losing school or one whom is deliberately absent from certain categories during the school twenty-four hours. Students who receive in ordinate office referral or subject for behavioural misdemeanor, inordinate disciplinary action in the signifier of in- school and alternate arrangement based suspension. Equally good as the designation of pupils, who have had a demand to talk with school counsellors for aid in get bying with school-related jobs. Children are a really resilient client population, with bar and early intercession ; Safety Net counsellors are postured with the aid of single pupil ‘s immediate stakeholders to place at-risk pupils and illicit positive alteration, by implementing the course of study by design. With the necessary constituents in topographic point as afforded by the Project Success course of study, successful completion of the ten- hebdomad course of study based group Sessionss, an outlook for pupil betterment towards the targeted behaviours is high. By placing at-risk pupils, the Safety Net counsellor is able to â€Å" forestall jobs before they occur † . The plans, course of study is structured so that the pupil with the aid, of the Safety Net counsellor receives the confidence of caring grownups, designation of issues before they escalate and the constitution of a peer support group ( Openshaw, 2008, p. 123 ) . Apparent end distinction between, the bureau, the school and the community does non be. Social scientific discipline research ascertains that schools are the primary suppliers of mental wellness services for kids. As opposed to primary attention doctors and other mental wellness professionals who chiefly serve as the mental wellness interventionalist for grownups. Research ascertains school based intercession feasibleness based on the fact that kids are required to go to school ( Hoagwood, Holly, Erwin, 1997 ) . In kids mental, emotional and behavioural wellness troubles are most frequently foremost noted within the school scene and therefore should logically be addressed within the school scene, as the first line of intercession and furthermore prevented if and when possible ( Bums et al. , 1995 ) . The value of supplying mental wellness services in schools was first recognized in this state in 1898 in Chicago, IL, in response to a pupil study on physical and mental wellness. Based on the study ‘s findings, the Chicago school board authorized the first theoretica l account of school-based intercession programming for childhood mental wellness ( Gallic 1990 ) . The Safety Net plan, administered by the Child and Family Guidance Center is one such school based intercession plan. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments preparation. The plan utilizes the Undertaking SUCCESS ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) Curriculum, a research-based intercession theoretical account plan recommended by the Federal Government ‘s Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration ( SAMHSA ) ( CFGC, 2010 ) . The course of studies design seeks to cut down bad behaviours and better resilience factors in at-risk young person. An scrutiny of current literature on school based intercession is expected to turn out that school based intercession is an effectual method for handling kids. These research findings paired with an analysis of statistical informations obtained via the Ohio- trial, from recent Safety Net plan participants, for the intent of plan rating will probably turn out the Safety Net plan as an effectual theoretical account of school based intercession method. Research conducted on school based intercession, ascertains that the survey of inventions and alteration in school systems is non new. What is advanced is a strict outcome rating of a household of school – based intercessions that targets the same job behaviour among a school age population. ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . An integrating of bing research coupled with the well-founded informations obtained as a contemplation of this plans unity in comparing with the national acclamation that the capable affair herein has received will turn out this integrative paper to be both timely and relevant to current societal policy sing the hereafter of young person. This mounting organic structure of research on school based intercession and bar continues to germinate and cultivate prevalence. Prevalence, in big due to its presentation in a big federal grant and National run from a pool of bureaus including ; ( Department of Education, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Center for Mental Health Services ) as portion of a Safe Schools/ Healthy Students federal enterprise ( Hallfors, etl. , 2006 ) . Undertaking Success, ( Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts to Strengthen Students ) was originally designed to forestall and cut down substance usage and maltreatment among high hazard, multi-problem striplings in alternate high school scenes. It was based on the Residential Student Assistance Program ( RSAP ) theoretical account used in residential stripling intervention installations, and adapted from the Westchester Student Assistance Program ( WSAP ) . The Student Assistance Program ( SAP ) theoretical account is similar to that of Employee Assistance Programs ( EAPs ) used to assist employees with substance usage or mental wellness concerns ( Shamblin, 2009 ) found six published studies that suggested that SAPs possibly effectual in cut downing substance usage and bettering academic public presentation for some striplings ; nevertheless, they reported that the surveies suffered from important methodological jobs. The Safety Net plan is chiefly based in the Systems theory of intervention, in that it assist pupils in the rating of their environment, in order to assist them thrive. It approaches all of the constituents that comprise a pupil ‘s life, place, school, equals, community and ego. There are a few definitions of systems, that comprise the theory as a whole ; Multiple definitions: A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent parts organizing a complex whole A constellation of parts joined together by a web of relationships The parts form a whole, which is greater than the amount of its parts For the intent of the research survey, most pupils fall into the class of organic systems, defined as: Dynamical patterns – parts accommodating to each other and to their environment as a whole Partss are massively entangled, interdependent Partss self-organize, learn, co-evolve organically Equilibrium in flux – sensitive to initial conditions System non replicable, ca n't reiterate past Emergent alteration – manage conditions of organic development and experimentation Unknown terra incognitas – test and mistake ( Pawlick, 2004 ) . The plan marks in-between school kids ; larning to accommodate and boom in their environment is a life accomplishment that is movable throughout the class of life. Giving pupils the tools to understand that their actions affect those around them, and that the actions of others affect them, is a critical constituent of the accomplishment set development that Safety Net seeks to administrate.The Safety Net plan, harmonizing to The Project Success, Curriculum Implementation Manuel ( p.21 ) is based on a organic structure of research known as the Prevention Education Series, a Safety Net Counselor conducts this educational series, it is comprised of little, structured, leader-directed, equal facilitated, treatment groups. The Series combines both didactic and experimental attacks to accomplish its ends. The Safety Net program- Intervention Services for High Risk Youth is a drop- out bar, character edifice, resilience and life -skill development plan for at-risk youth.A It is an in-school partnership plan to assist at-risk young person addition positive decision-making accomplishments and diminish bad behaviours. The plan provides a full scope of prevention/early intercession services including preventative behavioural tools accomplishments instruction, guidance, and accomplishments developing. By carry oning one-hour hebdomadal groups, for 10 hebdomads, the intercession is set into gesture. During the 10 hebdomads, the course of study outlines the undermentioned lessons, as a recommended format:a?â„ ¢Topic 1 Bing an Adolescent a?â„ ¢ Topic 2 Alcohol Tobacco, and other drugs a?â„ ¢ Topic 3 Family Pressures and Problems a?â„ ¢ Topic 4 Skills for Coping a?â„ ¢ Topic 5 Communication a?â„ ¢ Topic 6 Problem Recognition and Resolution a?â„ ¢ Topic 7 Stress direction and self-exploration a?â„ ¢Topic 8 Self esteem issues a?â„ ¢Topic 9 Anger direction a?â„ ¢Topic 10 Peer Pressure and Closing At the stopping point of the ten-week procedure, the pupils, receive the Ohio appraisal once more, as a posttest and an result step for finding if pupils developed an apprehension of the lesson, and the ability to implement the accomplishments. Harmonizing the Undertaking Success Manuel the expected results of the Safety Net plan are as follows: dropout bar, precluded by inordinate absence and other signifiers of behavioural jobs, necessitated by lacking societal accomplishments and other internally regulated tools, such as self-efficacy and motive. Through the lessons outlined in the course of study usher, the outlook is that pupils will have the necessary header and societal accomplishments for school success and high school bar. The following targeted result is character edifice, in the signifier of self-esteem, self-awareness, judgement and communicating. The coveted result that follows character development is resilience, the development of a support system of pupil ‘s pick and designation of cognitive behavioural tools to get the better of jobs with household and equals. The concluding desired result of the Safety Net Program and Project Success course of study is life – accomplishments development, in th e signifier of end development, drug and intoxicant consciousness and bar. After plan referral, choice for the Safety Net plan, intercession method relies on the confidential showing signifier on which pupils personally identify behaviours, which place them in a bad class, of dropping out of school or other foreseeable behavioural, academic or legal jobs of a condemnable nature. This signifier assesses hazard, in order to place bad pupils. Once, pupils are deemed to be â€Å" high hazard † they are given a pre-test, they undergo 10 hebdomads of intercession, targeted behavioural alterations will be discussed in the organic structure of the paper. At the apogee of the ten- hebdomad intercession, pupils take a posttest ; these two trials receive scientific comparing as a agency of finding plan effectivity. As good, pupil ‘s parent or guardian takes a parental version of the same assessment tool ; parental informations will be included in the rating every bit good. Students who participate in the Safety Net plan, must be willing participants, they must expose the ability to acquire along with the Safety Net counsellor every bit good as show the adulthood to map within a peer-facilitated group. A pupil who meets the lower limit demands for engagement in the Safety Net plan, already possess the inherit strength of resilience. â€Å" Never underestimate the power of resilience † ( Nims & A ; Hamm, 2006 ) . The pupils, which the Safety Net plan accepts for engagement, must exhibit a desire for plan engagement. Safety Net counsellors are advised non force or promote engagement of any pupils, who does non exhibit a willingness to be a portion of the group therapy procedure. The appraisal setup herein described as the Ohio – The Ohio Mental Health Consumer Outcomes System, Youth Problem, and Functioning and, Satisfaction Scale is an appraisal administered in the signifier a pre and posttest study incorporating 48 inquiries given to- both parents and pupil participants. The instrument consist of 20 inquiries in respect to day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to family and equal relatedness. Ethical considerations for working with kids, include the undermentioned Basic policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as this, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Act, NCLB- No Child Left Behind, and educational best patterns of each in relation to the NASW Code of Ethical motives The completion of this plan rating, defined as a set of doctrines and methods that aim to find â€Å" what works † in human service bringing systems ( Grinnell, 2007 ) . The completion of this plan rating utilized the execution of quantitative informations analysis utilizing descriptive statistics and a mated samples t-test as the methodological analysis. By implementing, the one group pretest-post trial as the research design, for the aggregation, each pupil ‘s pre and station Ohio trial mark. The mated samples t-test was ran to find the groups Ohio assessment norm mark, in order to find if a statistically important difference was present after finishing the Safety Net plan. For the intent of finding if plan engagement, depicts an betterment in this sample groups behavioural operation, as stated in response to the Ohio trial questionnaire. The hypothesis, established for this research design, states that the Safety Net plan would turn out to be an effectual intervention method for the sample group, which if proven, could probably reiterate, in a broader survey of the plan ‘s effectivity. The sample consisted of secondary informations, in the signifier of a pre and post-test collected on 120 pupil participants, during the 2009-2010 school old ages. The Ohio appraisal setup contained 48 inquiries given to pupil participants, as a agency of measuring pupils job badness in comparing to pupil ‘s degree of working anterior to intercession and at the apogee of 10 hebdomads of intercession. The instrument consists of 20 inquiries sing day-to-day operation, 8 inquiries sing relationships, emphasis and mental wellness intervention and eventually 20 inquiries sing mundane activity in relation to school, place and equal relatedness. The statistics for the sample group are as follows: Pre- Trial Mean: 76 Standard Deviation 10 Post- Trial Mean:80 Standard Deviation: 8 T-stat: 3.9 The T- stat, finding of 3.9 is statistically important with a step degree.05, as the significance index. The information once and for all proves that the pupil ‘s degrees of perceptual experience sing working when compared with pupil perceived jobs, significantly increased after completion of the Safety Net Intervention plan. The consequences suggest that the pupils perceived working in relation to their jobs improved from 76 to 78. One defect in the researches design is that it does non see the Ohio tonss of the parents and instructors who may hold a more nonsubjective sentiment than the pupil is leting for a broader reading of result ( Grinnell, & A ; Unrau, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Durant, procedure result based plan rating, are limit the plan rating by neglecting to react to subsequent unfavorable judgment, by turn toing pertinent constituents of holistic rating. ( Durant, 2001 ) . Conducting, an through empirical observation based research survey is a strong project, which requires cognition, accomplishment and ability. The research contained herein, is a direct contemplation of the research workers ability and skill degree. The research procedure contained herein depicts capable command ; with a greater apprehension of the research procedure. The research worker, has a good working cognition of the Social Work profession, and is certain that with on the occupation preparation, greater penetration and accomplishment development will happen. The Social Worker herein described as the research worker, has strengths in many countries of societal work pattern to include, assessment, intervention, theory and pattern. The research worker every bit good developed a better apprehension of the research procedure as it applies to plan rating. Some restrictions include, statistics, which are a critical portion of grounds based societal work pattern. The alumnus degree research pupil is most appreciative of categories centered on Human behaviour and the societal environment, theory, research and policy. Through the completion of these classs, one develops an apprehension of societal systems constructs. The apprehension of aims and proposed results with regard to the person, group, household, organisation, community, societal/cultural, and planetary degree systems. Equally good as, the apprehension of the demands of each degree of the systems, that comprises each pupil ‘s life and the ability to assist them understand every bit good. Further an apprehension of the happening and opposition of alteration and the application of theory to each. An apprehension of the deductions of human development across the life span for societal work pattern – expound on pupils relationships to self, parents, equals and the systems surroundingaˆÂ ¦ including school, community, other service suppliers, etc. Basic societal work policy that affects pupils, take parting in plans such as Safety Net include, IDEA- Persons with Disabilities Education Act, NCLB – No Child Left Behind and educational best patterns in relation to the NASW Code of Ethics. As a professional Social Worker the desire for continued development of accomplishments in the countries of plan analysis and rating are imperative. As one, holding set abouting a Renaissance man attack to acquisition, with a primary focal point on reding intercession methods, accomplishment development in the country of research and plan rating and the ability to interpret this information in a professional mode, to plan stakeholders and the general populace, is an country for future concentration. As a societal -worker, the ability to execute these undertakings good, will advance professional balance every bit good every bit service as a guiding force for the continuation of supplying grounds based pattern.MentionsBenard, B. ( 1993 ) . Fostering resilience in childs. Educational Leadership, 51 ( 3 ) , 44. Rotters, B.J. , Costello, E.J. , Agnold, A. , Tweed, D. , Farmer, E. M, Z. , & A ; Erkanli, A. ( 1995 ) . Children ‘s mental wellness service usage across service sectors. Health Affairs, 14, 147 Child and Family Guidance Center ( 2010 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //childrenandfamilies.info/index.php? option=com_content & A ; task=view & A ; id=29 & A ; Itemid=83 Cooper, W.O. , Lutenbaucher, M. , & A ; faccia, k. ( 2000 ) . Components of effectual yoth force bar plans for 7-to- 14- twelvemonth olds. Archivess of Pediatric and Adolescent medical specialty, 154. Durant, R.h. , Barkin, S. , & A ; Crowchuk, D.P. ( 2001 ) . Evaluation of a peaceable struggle declaration and force bar course of study for sixth- class pupils. Journal of Adolescent Helath, 19,111-117. Gallic, J. L. ( 1990 ) . History of school psychological science. In T.B. Gutkin & A ; C.R. Reynolds ( Eds. ) , The enchiridion of school psychological science ( 2nd erectile dysfunction, ; pp. 3-20 ) . New York ; John Wiley. Grinnell, Richard, & A ; Unrau, Yvonne. ( 2007 ) . Social work research and rating. Oxford University Press, USA. Fallick, A. , Morehouse, E. , Pierce, B. ( 2008 ) . Undertaking Success Schools Using Coordinated Community Efforts To Strengthen Students. Implementation Manuel, Tarrytown: New york Hallfors, D. , Cho, H. , Sanchez, V. , Khatapoush, S. , Kim, H. M. , & A ; Bauer, D. ( 2006 ) . Efficacy V effectiveness test consequences of an indicated â€Å" theoretical account † substance maltreatment plan: Deductions for public wellness. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 2254-2259. Hoagwood, K. , & A ; Erwin, H. ( 1997 ) . Effectiveness of School-Based Mental Health Services for Children: A 10-Year Research Review. Journal of Child & A ; Family Studies, 6 ( 4 ) , 435-451. Retrieved from Education Research Complete database.v Krovetz, M.L. ( 1999 ) . Fostering resilience. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 28 ( 5 ) , 4. National Association of Social Workers ( NASW ) . ( 2002 ) . NASW criterions for school societal services. Wahing, DC: Writer. Nims, D.R. & A ; Hamm, M. ( 2006 July ) . Phoenix preferred attention: Mental wellness services to kids and striplings in rural Kentucky. Paper presented at the 31st National Institute on Social Work and Human Services in Rural Areas, Bowling Green, KY. Openshaw, Linda. ( 2007 ) . Social work in schools. The Guilford Press. Pawlak, E.J. , & A ; Vinter, R.d. ( 2004 ) . Planing and be aftering plans for non-profit-making and authorities organisations. San Francisco: Wiley. Shamblen, S. R. , & A ; Derzon, J. ( 2009 ) . A preliminary survey of the population-adjusted effectivity of substance maltreatment bar scheduling: Towards doing IOM plan types comparable. Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 89-107.